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This is an intensely radioactive element, and on ingestion into the body, will irradiate any cells in its vicinity, leading to rapid breakdown of DNA and other cell molecules. It is one trillion times as toxic as cyanide.

Polonium is a member of the same group of elements as oxygen and sulphur. Mendeleev predicted its existence in 1891 following his development of the Periodic Table.

Radioactivity

The first radioactive elements to be discovered, in 1789 and 1815 respectively, were uranium and thorium. Radioactivity was then an unknown phenomenon, and remained so until Henri Becquerel, in 1896, noticed the effect of uranium’s ore, pitchblende, on a photographic plate. He placed a piece of the ore near the sealed plate in a laboratory drawer. A key lay on top of the plate. When the plate was developed, it contained an image of the key, which could only have been formed by invisible rays coming from the rock.

Discovery

Subsequent investigations showed that the pitchblende was far more radioactive than could be explained by uranium alone. After many months’ labour, starting with several tonnes of ore, Becquerel’s colleagues, Pierre and Marie Curie, isolated less than a gram of a new element, which they named polonium, in honour of Marie Curie’s birth country, Poland.

For their discovery of radioactivity, Becquerel and the Curies shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. Marie Curie received a second Nobel Prize, this time for Chemistry, in 1911, for her discoveries of polonium and another radioactive element, radium.

Marie Curie died of leukaemia in 1934 as a result of her years of exposure to radium. Her daughter, Irene, followed her parents into scientific research. Along with her husband, Frederick Joliot, she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 for work on artificial radioactivity. In 1956, she also died of leukaemia, probably caused by her exposure to polonium following a laboratory accident fifteen years earlier.

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